A spring is any natural occurrence where water flows on to the surface of the earth from below the surface, and is thus where the aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology. Related terms include: an aquitard, which is an impermeable layer along an aquifer, and surface meets the ground surface.
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